Jawed vertebrates possess two distinct groups of muscles in the trunk (epaxial and hypaxial muscles) primarily defined by the pattern Chainsaws of motor innervation from the spinal cord.Of these, the hypaxial group includes muscles with highly differentiated morphology and function, such as the muscles associated with paired limbs, shoulder girdles
Rodent pups use vocalizations to communicate with one or both parents in biparental species, such as California mice (Peromyscus californicus).Previous studies have shown California mice developmentally exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA) or ethinyl estradiol (EE), demonstrate later compromised parental behaviors.Reductions
N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) are the quorum-sensing (QS) signal molecules used by many gram-negative bacteria to coordinate their collective behavior in a population.Recent evidence demonstrates their roles in plant root growth and defense responses.AtMYB44 is a multifaceted transcriptional factor that functions in many physiological processes